During past contingency operations and against a backdrop of competing geopolitical and economic goals, the US military, its allies, and coalition partners found it necessary to integrate combat and conventional airspaces to support military...
The Army’s role in the Joint Airspace Command and Control system is not adequate to support combat operations effectively on the current and future battlefields of the United States Joint Force. The current and future battlefields of the United...
The last 10 years of conflict have seen a dramatic increase of airspace users above the battlefield providing both opportunities and challenges to maneuver commanders. Assets operating overhead assist the commander in mission command; however, the...
The purpose of Airspace Command and Control (AC2) is to maximize the efficiency of all airspace users conducting simultaneous combat operations in support of the commander's intent. Effective AC2 requires successful identification, coordination,...
In a theater of operations, Army access to airspace not under its direct control is difficult to obtain. The increasing number of intelligence, aviation, and long range fires systems organic to the Army, that require the routine use of airspace...
Airspace command and control in the combat zone is becoming more complex due to the proliferation of unmanned aircraft, and the introduction of host nation and civilian aircraft. The ability to deconflict and integrate multiple airspace users...
In 1965 the Joint Chiefs of Staff tasked the Air Force to develop a joint airspace control doctrine. The Services could not agree on the contents of the draft manuals prepared by the Air Force. This study analyzed the issues which prevented service...
Unmanned aircraft (UA) today are among the most rapidly growing weapons systems in the Department of Defense (DoD). Over the past decade, technology has enabled the inherent advantages of the UA to be brought to the battlespace. Successful...
This field manual details Army airspace command and control, procedures, tasks, elements, and information networking in a combat zone. FM 100-103 embodies the Army's doctrinal tenets for airspace control. It establishes the requirements,...
There is consensus within the U.S. Army that the Army Airspace Command and Control (A2C2) system is ineffective in coordinating airspace users to accomplish assigned missions. The two comprehensive studies completed within the past decade cite the...
Headquarters, Departments of the Army and Air Force
Manual sets forth procedures and guidance jointly agreed upon for use by US Army and US Air Force commanders and staffs in preparation for an execution of airspace control responsibilities and airspace management functions in an area of operations....
Airspace control is not a new concept and there has been considerable doctrinal development and discussion over the last 50 years. However, the role the joint forces air component commander as the airspace control authority during stability...
The purpose of this publication is to prescribe doctrine and procedures governing the activities of the Armed Forces of the United States engaged in planning for and conducting airspace control in the combat zone.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are not new concepts. Their history dates back to the Civil War with hot air balloons and has evolved into a crucial combat tool for commanders in the modern battlespace. The increased demand for unmanned systems has...
The Department of Defense (DoD) is constantly adding to the inventory of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) across all Services. Compounded by increasing mission sets for unmanned aviation, both home and abroad, DoD requires the ability to operate UAS...
The United States (US) has changed its military strategy to force projection instead of forward basing. Key to the US strategy is the ability to rapidly secure an aerial port of de-embarkation and basing of state-side combat and support aircraft. A...
This study examines the issue of fighting with operational fires at the theater level. Specifically, it examines the question how can the JFC best integrate airspace control measures, fire support coordination measures, and ADA control measures to...
The Army is in the midst of a significant transformation into the Future Force. The purpose of this transformation is to provide the right kind of forces for the needs of the future. By the year 2010, the current Army organizational structure...
Today the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines intensely compete over technology and a never sufficient defense budget to defend or expand their respective service's roles, missions, and functions. However, independent air, land, and sea operations...
Although there are credible threats to the United States Global Positioning System (GPS), sustainment of the constellation remains the greatest challenge. As GPS satellites reach the end of their operational life cycle, there is a risk the United...