The 1983 Beirut bombing marks a turning point for military commanders who must now continually assess force protection measures while involved in Stability and Support Operations (SASO). Since 1983, the United States military has participated in...
Army warfighting doctrine clearly delineates the definition, scope, and components of protection for application on the battlefield; however, the Army's Operations Other Than War (OOTW) doctrine does not provide similar clarity for the concept in...
This study examines the employment of U.S. Marines in Lebanon from 1982 to 1984 to determine if their use supported stated national objectives, national policy, and political objectives. The movement away from traditional concepts of employment of...
Thesis Statement: The politicians responsible for deploying U.S. troops to a war zone with an inflexible, ambiguous mission statement, intelligence, and security, led to the death of 241 Marines in Beirut. Discussion: There were 241 lessons learned...
This monograph examines the advantages and limitations of rules of engagement as tools for controlling peacekeeping operations. With the changing character of the international community and the disorder it is spawning a better understanding of how...
Case studies of the 1982-1983 U.S. intervention in Beirut and the 1992-1993 U.S. intervention in Somalia are juxtaposed with the theoretical framework and tenets of the operational art as proposed by Dr. Schneider of the Army School of Advance...
DOD Commission on Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act
On 23 October 1983, a truck laden with the equivalent of over 12,000 pounds of TNT crashed through the perimeter of the compound of the U.S. contingent of the Multinational Force at Beirut International Airport, Beirut, Lebanon, penetrated the...
Many lessons from the Multinational Force and Observer (MFO) mission to the Sinai and the Multinational Force II (MNFII) mission to Lebanon are relevant for future U.S. peacekeeping operations in Israel and the Occupied Territories (OT). A final...
This monograph analyzes the 1982 Israeli peacemaking operation against the Palestinian Liberation Organization in regards to current military theory. It uses operation “Peace For Galilee” as a case study to examine the possibility of using...
This historical monograph traces developments from the over-all plans and political evolution to the implementation of plans and troop movements from Europe to the Middle East. There follows a detailed account of the experiences of the U.S. Army...
The US Army intelligence community, recognizing the urban combat challenge, is revising intelligence techniques to provide analysts with a better methodology for urban combat. This paper examines current techniques for analysis and determines if...
This monograph examines the U.S. military operations in Beirut, Lebanon 1982-1983 and Somalia 1993 in the context of Clausewitz's theory of a culminating point of victory. The dynamics of peace operations present a unique challenge to military...
This is a history of the Marine Corps participation in the Lebanon crisis from July-October 1958. It is published to show the role of the U. S. Marine Corps in carrying out American foreign policy and the pacification of a country through a...
What is success in war? Who defines success? A review of past theorists such as Sun Tzu, Thucydides, Jomini and Clausewitz along with modern scholars such as William Martel, Azar Gat, and J. Boone Bartholomees produces a model for understanding...
On 23 October 1983, a truck laden with the equivalent of over 12,000 pounds of TNT crashed through the perimeter of the compound of the U.S. contingent of the Multinational Force at Beirut International Airport, Beirut, Lebanon, penetrated the...
This monograph investigates a gap in U.S. Army doctrine on the prevention of terrorist attacks. First, this monograph shows that the goals, organization, and tactics of terrorist are a formidable threat to the Army. Second, it uses case studies...
Two previous peacekeeping efforts in Beirut and Somalia, decades apart, progressed into acts of terrorism and irregular warfare. In both conflicts, United States withdrew troops after many costly errors. Another decade later, United States is...
In Operations Other Than War (OOTW) U.S. forces will be involved in armed conflict in what are called, ironically, 'peace operations'. The three peace missions, peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and peacemaking, are not a continuum in peace...
This monograph examines the U.S. Army Draft 1998 Field Manual 100-5 Operations to determine whether the terrorist threat is sufficiently addressed to carry the Army into the 21st Century. First, this monograph shows the purpose of Operations as the...
This monograph asserts that the United States military conducted World War II with few restrictions on its firepower beyond those imposed by the International Rules of War. An unlimited war justified unlimited fires, including the strategic use of...