This paper examines the battle of Teutoburg (9 A.D.), its consequences on the Roman world, and the role cultural misunderstanding played on the tactical, operational, and strategic levels. The Roman commander's cultural misunderstanding of his...
Usually in history it seems that the technologically advanced society has a greater advantage in warfare than more primitive societies. For most battles this seems to hold true; however, there are exceptions to this rule. This document examines...
The purpose of this text is to furnish intelligence officers with a detailed picture of the basic composition and disposition of the Italian Army. The first part, comprising sections I to IV, is for general orientation on the structure of the Army...
This monograph analyzes America's ability to maintain its global hegemony and perpetuate freedom from general conventional war. The theories of Geoffrey Blainey and Donald Kagan are used to explain the causes of war and the causes of peace. General...
Department of the Army, Office of the Chief of Military History
In wars involving vast land masses in which the available manpower of a nation is severely taxed it may be expedient and necessary to use "volunteer" forces. It is gathered from this treatise that the basic mistake of the planners was that no...
The late Roman Republic faced what looked unsolvable social problems and all attempts made by the politicians from all parties failed or made the situation even worse. Finally the crisis was so deep that the security and survival of the state was...
Roman legionnaires were the civilized world's first noncommissioned officers (NCOs). Many of their duties and responsibilities mirror those of NCOs today.
This study reviews the life, battles, and campaigns of the Carthaginian General Hannibal while attempting to illustrate the leadership values and primary characteristics of Hannibal that contributed to his success on the battlefield. Hannibal won...
In his book Breaking the Phalanx, Colonel Douglas A. Macgregor raises important questions as to the future role of land power in the national strategy of the United States. Despite directing much of his discussion toward current Army corps/division...
This monograph addresses whether current peace enforcement doctrine (the threat or use of force to compel compliance, in order to maintain or restore peace and support political settlement) is inclusive of historical (ancient) principles. By...
The Italian Army and its NCO Corps were officially founded on the 4th of May 1861, but their traditions date as far back as the legions of the Roman Empire in the first century B.C.. The Roman legions were extremely organized and included personnel...
This monograph examines the abilities of armies to train themselves while actually fighting a war. Modern doctrine as expressed in FM 100-5 and TRADOC PAM 525-S tacitly assumes that the U.S. Army's peacetime training is adequate for any conflict...
This monograph compares the Polish and Russian actions in the Battles of Warsaw and their subsequent impact on the development of operational thought. Although the Battle of Warsaw was overshadowed by events of the events of the two World Wars, the...
Political and media pundits have labeled the current period of post Cold-War world order the Pax Americana, reminiscent of the Pax Romana that occurred from 27 BC- 180 AD, during the zenith of the Roman Empire. It is the view of many that since the...
The purpose of this treatise is to determine the essence and role of mercenaries in the western tradition. The approach is to delineate, analyze and compare mercenary phenomena in their various settings from their ancient European forms around the...
The fundamental root cause behind the military defeat of Poland in 1939 is not the result of fighting the combined armies of Germany and the Soviet Union. Rather, the failure is attributed to Poland's political hubris of pursuing its strategic...
Prior to the First World War, Poland had ceased to exist as a nation in 1795. Poland was partitioned into sections under the influence of its neighbors, Prussia, Austria and Russia. However, the people struggled to maintain a sense of national...
This study is organized in three parts. The first part is based on the assumption that in order to take a city apart one must first know how to put it together. A substantial literature on urban design, planning, and management has never been...
United States military forces are entering the 21st century doctrinally unprepared for the challenges that await. The National Security Strategy of the United States, the National Military Strategy, and Joint Vision 2020 all posit the need for...
This monograph examines two insurgencies conducted by the Jews in ancient times: The Maccabbee Revolt against the Seleucid Empire from 166-164 BC and the Revolt against the Roman Empire from 66-70 AD. The monograph proposes that all insurgencies...